Religious Zionism
Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (Hebrew: ציונות דתית, pronounced as Tziyonut Datit, or דתי לאומי, Dati Leumi, lit. "Religious Nationalist" [Plural: דתיים לאומיים, Datiyim Leumiyim]; also known as: כיפה סרוגה, Kippah Seruga, lit. "Crocheted Skullcap" [Plural: כיפות סרוגות, Kippot Serugot]; other: המתנחלים, ha-Mitnahlim, the "Settlers") is an ideology that combines Zionism and Jewish religious faith and whose members mostly adhere to Modern Orthodox Judaism.
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Ideology
Religious Zionists are Orthodox Jews who form a faction within the Zionist movement who justify Zionist efforts to build a Jewish state in the land of Israel on the basis of Judaism.
In 1862, German Orthodox Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer published his tractate Derishat Zion, positing that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the Prophets, can come about only by self-help.[1]
The main ideologue of modern religious Zionism was Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, although Haredi and not Dati Leumi, nevertheless justified Zionism according Jewish law and urged young religious Jews to support efforts to settle the land, and the secular Labour Zionists to give more consideration to Judaism. Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner was another prominent rabbi who supported Zionism.
Rav Kook saw Zionism as a part of a divine scheme which would result in the resettlement of the Jewish people in its homeland. This would bring salvation ("Geula") to Jews, and then to the entire world. After world harmony is achieved by the refoundation of the Jewish homeland, the Messiah will come. Although this has not yet happened, Rav Kook emphasized that it would take time, and that the ultimate redemption happens in stages, often not apparent while happening.
Religious Jews believe that since the land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael) was given to the ancient Israelites by God, the right of the Jews to that land is permanent and inalienable. To generations of diaspora Jews, Jerusalem, also known as Zion, has been a symbol of the Holy Land and of their return to it, as promised by God in numerous Biblical prophecies. (See also Jerusalem, Jews and Judaism)
Many other great rabbis who were not necessarily zionist in the same mold as Rav Kook, did view the settlement of the land of Israel to be a divine commandment, especially in light of the Balfour Declaration.
Despite this, some religious Jews were not enthusiastic about Zionism before the 1930s, and many religious organisations opposed it on the grounds that an attempt to re-establish Jewish rule in Israel by human agency is blasphemous, since only the Messiah can accomplish this. They considered it religiously forbidden to try to hasten salvation and the coming of the Messiah. They saw Zionism as an expression of disbelief in God's salvation and power, and therefore as a rebellion against God. Rabbi Kook developed a theological answer to that claim, which gave Zionism a religious legitimation.
Rabbi Kook's answer was the following:
- Zionism was not merely a political movement by secular Jews. It was actually a tool of God to promote His divine scheme and to initiate the return of the Jews to their homeland - the land He promised to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. God wants the children of Israel to return to their home in order to establish a Jewish sovereign state in which Jews could live according to the laws of Torah and Halakha and commit the Mitzvot of Eretz Israel (these are religious commandments which can be performed only in the land of Israel). Moreover, to cultivate the land of Israel was a Mitzvah by itself and it should be carried out. Therefore, settling Israel is an obligation of the religious Jews and helping Zionism is actually following God's will.[2]
Another big problem of religious Jews with Zionism is that Zionists were largely secular Jews, and in some cases were atheist in their point of view. The atheism of the early Zionists was imported from Marxism by Socialist Zionism which saw Zionism as an avant-garde effort of building an advanced socialist society in the land of Israel, while solving the antisemitism problem. The Kibbutz is a good example of Socialist Zionism: it was a communal settlement set to fulfill national goals, in which no Jewish law was observed (such as Kosher food). Rabbi Kook had an answer to this as well:
- Secular Zionists may think they do it for political, national or socialist reasons, but in fact - the actual reason for them coming to resettle in Israel is a religious Jewish spark ("Nitzotz") in their soul, planted by God. Without their knowledge, they are contributing to the divine scheme and actually committing a great Mitzvah.
- The role of religious Zionists is to help them to establish a Jewish state and turn the religious spark in them into a great light. They should show them that the real source of Zionism and the longed-for Zion is Judaism and teach them Torah with love and kindness. In the end, they will understand that the laws of Torah are the key to true harmony and a socialist state (not in the Marxist meaning) that will be a light for the nations and bring salvation to the world.
Professor Shlomo Avineri explains the last part of Kook's answer:
- "... and the end of those pioneers, who scout into the blindness of secularism and atheism, but the treasured light inside them leads them into the path of salvation - their end is that from doing Mitzva without purpose, they will do Mitzva with a purpose." (page 222, 1)
History and organizations
| Aliyah to Israel and settlement |
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| Pre-Zionist Aliyah |
| The Return to Zion The Old Yishuv |
| Before May 14, 1948 |
| First Aliyah · Second Aliyah During World War I Third Aliyah · Fourth Aliyah Fifth Aliyah During and after World War II Berihah |
| After May 14, 1948 |
| Operation Magic Carpet Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 1968 Polish aliyah 1970s Soviet Union aliyah Aliyah from Ethiopia 1990s CIS aliyah 2000s Latin America aliyah |
| Concepts |
| Judaism · Zionism Law of Return Jewish homeland Yerida · Galut Jewish Messianism |
| Persons and organizations |
| Theodor Herzl · Knesset World Zionist Organization Nefesh B'Nefesh · El Al |
| Related topics |
| Jewish history Jewish diaspora Jews in the Land of Israel History of Israel Yishuv · Israeli Jews Revival of Hebrew language History of Zionism Religious Zionism |
The first Rabbis who supported Zionism were Rabbi Yehuda Shlomo Alkalai and Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer. They argued that the change in the status of Western Europe's Jews following emancipation was the first step toward salvation (גאולה) and that therefore one must hasten the messianic salvation by a natural salvation — whose main pillars are the Kibbutz Galuyot ("Gathering of the Exiles"), the return to Eretz Israel, agricultural work (עבודת אדמה) and the revival of the everyday use of the Hebrew language.
The Mizrachi (a portmanteau of "Merkaz Ruchani" or "religious centre") is the name of the religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna at a world conference of religious Zionists called by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. It operates a youth movement, Bnei Akiva, which was founded in 1929.
Mizrachi believes that the Torah should be at the centre of Zionism, a sentiment expressed in the Mizrachi Zionist slogan Erezt Israel le-am Yisrael al pi Torat Yisrael ("The land of Israel for the people of Israel according to the Torah of Israel"). It also sees Jewish nationalism as a tool for achieving religious objectives. The Mizrachi party was the first official religious Zionist party and founded the Ministry of Religion in Israel and pushed for laws enforcing kashrut and the observance of Shabbat - the Sabbath. It also played a role prior to the creation of the state of Israel in building a network of religious schools that exist to this day.
Major figures in the religious Zionist movement include Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook who became the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Palestine in 1924 and tried to reconcile Zionism with Orthodox Judaism.
The Labor Movement wing of Religious Zionism, founded in 1921 under the Zionist slogan "Torah va'Avodah" (Torah and Labor), it was called Hapoel Hamizrachi. It represented religiously traditional Labour Zionists both in Europe and in the Land of Israel where it represented religious Jews in the Histadrut.
In 1956, Mizrachi, Hapoel HaMizrachi and other religious Zionists formed the National Religious Party to advance the rights of religious Zionist Jews in Israel.
The flagship religious institution of the religious Zionist movement is "Mercaz haRav" yeshiva (founded by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook), which supplied the religious Zionist movement with most of its Rabbis and scholars.
Another branch of Religious Zionism is Kahanism, founded by the late Rabbi Meir Kahane. Kahanism blends Religious Zionism with the ideology of the pre-state Right Wing movements of the followers of Ze'ev Jabotinsky. Today, Hazit is the leading wing of such school of thought within the movement. Other parties and groups such as Gush Emunim, Tkuma, Meimad et al., all represent sectarian interests within the movement.
Dress
Religious Zionists are often called "Kippot Sruggot", which means knitted skullcaps, because of the knitted kippot worn by many religious zionist men.
Politics
Most religious Zionists are right wing supporters. The main party representing them is the National Religious Party, but they also vote for Likud (Conservative party), National Union (nationalist party), Hazit and Shas. However, there is a minority of leftist religious Zionists, headed by Rabbi Michael Melchior and represented by the Meimad party (which ran together with the Israeli Labor party).
Many settlers in Judea and Samaria are religious Zionists, along with most of the settlers forcibly expelled from the Gaza Strip in August and September 2005. Many other religious Zionists are supporters of the pro-settlement movements Gush Emunim and the banned Kach.
Military service
Military service is an important value among most religious Zionists.
Many religious Zionists take part in the Hesder program, whereby they are able to combine military service with Yeshiva studies. Others attend a pre-army Mechina, delaying their service by one year. 88% of Hesder students belong to combat units, compared to a national average of below 30%.
Female religious Zionists can be exempted from military service, but usually do a one to two-year national service instead (such as working at hospitals, schools and day-care centers). In recent years there have been a growing number of women religious Zionists who choose to serve in the military, although it is still considered controversial among the movement.
Criticism
Critics claim that Religious Zionism's precepts have led to land ownership conflicts and expulsion of peoples in the Middle East.[3] Specifically, some critics cite the Hebrew Bible's notion of a "Promised Land" (ha-Aretz ha-Muvtachat) - which promises to the Jews the "Land of Israel" (Eretz Israel) - as a factor in the settlement of the Middle East,[4] as described by one analyst: "Zionism aspires to restore the Biblical promised boundaries. It is a new manifestation of the ancient aspiration for the Land of Israel promised in the Bible."[5] Critics also claim that verses from the Hebrew Bible are used to provide justifcation and motivation for confiscation and expulsion, citing specificially Numbers 33:50-55:[6]
- "... And the LORD spoke unto Moses in the plains of Moab by the Jordan at Jericho, saying:'Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them: When ye pass over the Jordan into the land of Canaan, then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their figured stones, and destroy all their molten images, and demolish all their high places. And ye shall drive out the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein; for unto you have I given the land to possess it.... But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you, then shall those that ye let remain of them be as thorns in your eyes, and as pricks in your sides, and they shall harass you in the land wherein ye dwell."
In addition to the Hebrew Bible, critics claim that the Talmud and writings of important Rabbis are used to justify expulsion and land acquisition, such as Nahmanides's commentary on Numbers 33:53, where he wrote "it is a positive commandment to inherit the land [of Israel] and dwell therein."[7] However, noted Jewish scholar Maimonides disagreed with Nahmanides on this issue, and Maimonides did not include Numbers 33:53 in his list of 613 commandments in the Book of Commandments (Sefer Hamitzvot).[8]
Some critics regard the Jewish settlement in the Middle East as a primarily religious effort: one researcher into Arab attitudes towards Israel wrote "By regarding Zionism as only a manifestation of Judaism, [the Arab authors] add a dimension of historical and cultural depth to their analysis.... Zionist settlement and Zionist belligerence in 1948 are only links in a long chain of trespasses and insatiable lust for the property of others. Fundamental Zionism is manifested in the claim that God is the God of Israel, and other nations have no part in him.... [W]hen they [the Arabs] examine Judaism as a religious and historical phenomenon, they find that it always had an attachment to the Land of Israel. This means that it is 'Zionist' in essence and history, so that Judaism and Zionism are one and the same." [9]
See also
- Atchalta De'Geulah
- Israeli settlements
- Arutz Sheva
- Religion in Israel
- Torah study commandment
- Hesder - combining the Torah study practice and full Military service, for the Religious Zionism ("National Religious") sector.
- Torato Omanuto - The special arrangement for the non-Religious Zionism orthodox Israelis (Haredi Judaism), on postponements or special exemptions from the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) compulsory service.
- Sherut Leumi
- Hardal
- Jewish state
- Machon Meir
- Modern Orthodox Judaism
- Religious Kibbutz Movement
- Haredim and Zionism
Notable religious Zionist figures
- Shlomo Aviner
- Haim Drukman
- Mordechai Eliyahu
- Effi Eitam
- Dov Lior
- Zevulun Orlev
- Avraham Shapira
- Yehuda Amital
- She'ar Yashuv Cohen
- Shlomo Riskin
References
- ↑ Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (Jewish Encyclopedia)
- ↑ Samson, David; Tzvi Fishman (1991). Torat Eretz Yisrael. Jerusalem: Torat Eretz Yisrael Publications.
- ↑
- Hirst, David (2003). The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East By. Nation Books. pp. 418–419. ISBN 1560254831.
- Chomsky, Noam (1996). World orders, old and new. Columbia University Press. p. 264:. ISBN 0231101570,.
- "FrontPage magazine interview with Christopher Hitchens". December 11, 2003. http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=15043.
- Masalha, Nur (2000). Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion. Pluto Press. p. 93. ISBN 0745316158.
- "Essay by James M. Martin from "Atheist Nexus"". http://www.atheistnexus.org/forum/topics/hitchens-dawkins-and-harris.
- Quigley, John B. (1990). Palestine and Israel: a challenge to justice. Duke University Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 0822310236.
- Chomsky, Noam (1999). Fateful triangle: the United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (2nd Ed, revised). South End Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0896086011.
- Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in Israel and the Palestinian refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78.
- Yishai, Yael (1987). Land or peace: whither Israel?. Hoover Press. pp. 112–125. ISBN 0817985212.
- Rubenberg, Cheryl (2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 162. ISBN 1588262251.
- Salaita, Steven George (2006). The Holy Land in transit: colonialism and the quest for Canaan. Syracuse University Press. p. 54. ISBN 081563109X.
- Geaves, Ron (2004). Islam and the West post 9/11. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 31. ISBN 0754650057.
- ↑ Masalha, Nur (2007). The Bible and Zionism: invented traditions, archaeology and post-colonialism in Palestine-Israel. Zed Books. p. 194. ISBN 1842777610.
- ↑ Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1974). Arab attitudes to Israel. John Wiley and Sons. p. 75. ISBN 0470352035.
- ↑
- Kassim, Anis F. (2000). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, 1998-1999, Volume 10. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 9041113045.
- Masalha, Nur (2000). Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion. Pluto Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 0745316158. citing the book by Raphael Israeli, Palestinians Between Israel and Jordan', Prager, 1991, pages 158-159, 171, 182.
- ↑
- Quoted by David Golinkin in Ayin L' Tziyon: Looking Towards Zion, Karen Stein, Ed., United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, 2008, p. 77. The author writes "His [Nahmanides] opinion was accepted by a number of prominent medieval rabbis and is very popular among Israeli rabbis today."
- Menachem Lorberbaum (2003), "Making and Unmaking the Boundaries of Holy Land", in States, nations, and borders: the ethics of making boundaries, Allen E.Buchanan (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, p.26-27
- David Golinkin, "Responsa: Does Jewish law permit the State of Israel to give back all or part of the territories captured in 1967 for the sake of peace", [1]
- ↑ David Golinkin in Ayin L' Tziyon: Looking Towards Zion, Karen Stein, Ed., United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, 2008, p. 77.
- ↑ Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1974). Arab attitudes to Israel. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 200–201, 215–216. ISBN 0470352035. Two chapters focus on this topic: "Refuting the Historic Right" ( pp. 192-205) and "Contradictions in Zionism (pp. 206-217).
Further reading
- The Zionist Idea and its variations - Professor Shlomo Avineri, Am Oved publishing, chapter 17: "Rabbi Kook - the dialection in salvation"
External links
- Religious Zionists of America
- A Historical Look at Religious Zionism by Prof. Dan Michman
- "Kipa - House of Religious Zionism"
- Official National Religious Party website (in English)
- Religious Zionism And Modern Orthodoxy, Rav Yosef Blau
- Orthodox Zionism, Prof. Eliezer Segal
- Religious Zionism, Compromise or Ideal?, hagshama.org.il
- Religious Zionism: Between Openness and Closedness, Prof. Avi Saguy
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